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Sausage & Curing Our picks

The Best Sausage Stuffers, Sized to Your Batch

Eight manual and electric stuffers ranked on what decides a long stuffing afternoon: cylinder size against your batch, steel gears with a low speed, and a piston that lets the air out.

By Mike M.Updated How we pick
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The short answer

Quick picks

#ProductBest forScorePrice
1
Weston Weston 11 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1101-W)
Weston 11 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1101-W)

Two-speed steel gearing, an 11 lb cylinder and a 13 mm snack-stick tube in the box: the most complete stuffer for a 3-5 deer season.

Best for 3-5 deer8.6 /10$277.95Amazon
2
LEM LEM BigBite Dual Gear 10 lb Sausage Stuffer (1112)
LEM BigBite Dual Gear 10 lb Sausage Stuffer (1112)

The most heavily built manual stuffer here on paper: hard carbon steel two-speed gears, a stainless frame and a five-year warranty.

Best build, 3-5 deer8.5 /10$549.99Amazon
3
Weston Weston 7 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-0701-W)
Weston 7 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-0701-W)

Dual-speed steel gears, a pressure release valve and a 13 mm snack-stick tube in a 7 lb stuffer sized for a light season.

Best for 1-2 deer8.4 /10$252.95Amazon
4
Weston Weston 15 lb Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1501-W)
Weston 15 lb Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1501-W)

Weston's two-speed all-metal gearbox with a 15 lb canister, for seasons that stuff in big batches.

Best manual for 6+ deer8.3 /10$327.95Amazon
5
LEM LEM BigBite 20 lb Motorized Sausage Stuffer (1219)
LEM BigBite 20 lb Motorized Sausage Stuffer (1219)

Both hands on the casing and a foot on the switch: the stuffer for heavy seasons, with a motor LEM rates for 45 minutes at a stretch.

Best electric8.2 /10$999.99Amazon
6
Hakka Hakka 15-Liter (32 lb) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-15)
Hakka 15-Liter (32 lb) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-15)

The biggest manual cylinder we cover, for heavy seasons that stuff in 25-pound-plus batches.

One-fill 25 lb batches8.0 /10$299.99Amazon
7
Hakka Hakka 7 lb (3-Liter) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-3)
Hakka 7 lb (3-Liter) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-3)

Two speeds, an air release valve and stainless contact parts at a budget price. Hakka doesn't publish the gear material.

Best budget two-speed7.6 /10$129.99Amazon
8
LEM LEM MightyBite 5 lb Sausage Stuffer (1606)
LEM MightyBite 5 lb Sausage Stuffer (1606)

The small stuffer to buy if you want metal gears and an air valve without paying for capacity you won't use.

Best small metal-gear7.3 /10$188.00Amazon

#ad · Prices come live from Amazon, last checked Sep 19, 2026; where we have no verified live price we show none. Scores are ours, compiled from published specs, manuals and warranty terms, not bench tests. Tap a row for the full write-up.

For a 3-5 deer season, buy an 11 lb two-speed stuffer with steel gears. The Weston 86-1101-W tops our rubric because it pairs that gearing with a 13 mm snack-stick tube in the box. If you process one or two deer, Weston's 7 lb dual-speed does the same job with a smaller cylinder. For six or more deer, step to Weston's 15 lb, or to LEM's 20 lb motorized stuffer if you want both hands free for the casing.

Every stuffer on this page will fill a casing. The difference shows up on the third load of a 25 lb batch: whether the gears slip under a full cylinder of cold venison, whether the piston pushes trapped air out the top or into your summer sausage, and whether you are cranking the piston back up for the fifth time that afternoon. We haven't bench-tested these. The ranking comes from the makers' spec sheets and listings, scored against the rubric published on our How We Pick page.

How we sized these

A manual stuffer's motor is your forearm, so the numbers that matter are cylinder capacity, the gear system, and what the maker says those gears will tolerate. Our stuffer rubric weights capacity fit to your season at 25%, the gear system (metal gears, two speeds) at 25%, air release and a removable cylinder at 15%, tube range including a snack-stick size at 15%, build at 10% and value at the live price at 10%. Where a maker doesn't publish something, like Hakka's gear material or the warranty on Weston's 11 lb, the card says "not published" and the metric is scored neutral rather than guessed.

Capacity maps to the season tiers used across this site. They rest on the Ohio Division of Wildlife's weigh-out of 115 whitetails from the 2017 gun season, which averaged 52.19 lb of venison per deer. That puts a light season (1-2 deer) at roughly 52-104 lb of meat, a moderate season (3-5 deer) at 157-261 lb, and a heavy one (6+) at 313 lb and up. Not all of that becomes sausage, and your deer may run bigger or smaller, so we size stuffers to the batch you actually mix, then count how many of those batches a season throws at the machine.

The reload math for one batch and one deer

A useful reference batch is 25 lb. North Dakota State University Extension's venison summer sausage formula is exactly that: 15 lb of venison plus 10 lb of 50/50 pork trim. The same bulletin suggests working in batches of up to 25 lb, unless you have special equipment, so the cure and seasoning distribute evenly. Here is how many cylinder fills that batch takes at each size, next to one average deer's venison on its own.

CylinderFills for a 25 lb batchFills for one deer (52.19 lb, no pork)Season tier it suits
5 lb511Light (1-2 deer)
7 lb48Light
10 lb36Moderate (3-5 deer)
11 lb35Moderate
15 lb24Heavy (6+ deer)
20 lb23Heavy
32 lb12Heavy, group processing days

Each fill is the same routine: raise the piston, tilt or pull the cylinder, pack it without air pockets, reseat it and restart the casing. That is why a 5 lb stuffer, a perfectly good tool for a single deer, becomes the bottleneck at three or four. It is also why a two-speed gearbox matters more than it sounds. The fast gear exists to get the piston back up for the next fill; Hakka's manual describes its two-speed drive as the thing that lets you "release the plunger for quick and easy re-filling."

Gears: read the maker's own fine print

The failure most upgraders have lived through is a stuffer that slips or binds when the cylinder is full of cold, stiff mix and the tube is narrow. Nobody publishes failure rates, and we won't invent one. But the makers' own notes tell you where the stress lands:

  • LEM's 5 lb beginner stuffer (1899) runs on reinforced nylon gears. LEM's product page says it is "not intended for snack sticks," and its listing pitches it at occasional, small-batch sausage in standard sizes.
  • LEM markets the metal gears in its MightyBite 5 lb as resisting wear "vs plastic."
  • Metal alone isn't a free pass. LEM says its 15 lb MightyBite, which has all-metal gears and single-gear operation, "cannot make snack sticks" because doing so puts too much stress on the gears. LEM also lists its 25 lb Dual Gear as not recommended for snack sticks.
  • At the other end, LEM says the all-metal gears in its 10 lb Dual Gear "easily deliver the pressure needed to stuff even small sausages," and Weston says its 11 lb stuffer "delivers and withstands the pressure needed to stuff even small sausages."

The pattern: narrow tubes mean high back-pressure, and the makers who are confident about it put steel gears and a low gear in front of that pressure. Two speeds also change the rhythm of a long afternoon. Low speed stuffs with control; high speed lifts the piston quickly for the next fill. A single-speed stuffer does both jobs at the stuffing ratio, which is slow on the way back up.

An air valve and a cylinder that comes out

Air that goes into the casing becomes a pocket in the finished sausage. LEM describes its piston valve as pushing air "out the top instead of into the casing," and Hakka and Weston's 7 lb list an air or pressure release too. It matters most in big fibrous casings for summer sausage, where NDSU tells you to puncture casings that aren't pre-stuck to get rid of air and fat pockets. Fix the air at the piston and there is less to fix with a pin.

A removable or tilting cylinder is the other half of this score. It makes loading easier and cleaning possible. Penn State Extension's game-processing guidance is to clean grinding and stuffing equipment thoroughly and sanitize surfaces with 1 tablespoon of chlorine bleach per gallon of water when you finish, which is far easier with a cylinder you can carry to the sink.

Tube sizes, and why snack sticks are their own problem

If sticks are on your list, check the smallest tube in the box before anything else. LEM's collagen casing listings recommend a stuffing tube of 1/2 inch outside diameter or smaller for snack sticks. Weston's 7 and 11 lb stuffers include a 13 mm tube (just over 1/2 inch), LEM's 20 lb motorized includes a 1/2 inch tube, LEM's 10 lb Dual Gear stops at 5/8 inch and Hakka's 7 lb at 16 mm. If sticks are the main event, our snack-stick stuffer picks go deeper on tube size and pressure control.

At the other end, summer sausage in 2.5 inch fibrous casings wants the largest tube you can get, roughly 38-40 mm or 1-1/2 inch. The LEM Dual Gear, both Weston two-speeds and the Hakkas all include one.

When the small stuffer is the right answer

If you process one deer and turn 10 or 15 lb of it into fresh links, a 5 lb metal-gear stuffer is the honest pick, not a compromise. LEM's MightyBite 5 lb has metal gears, an air valve and a removable cylinder; order the 1606SS version if you want LEM's 1/2 inch stainless tube. Hakka's 7 lb adds a second speed at a budget price, though Hakka doesn't publish its gear material.

Two we left off the ranking: Weston's 5 lb (86-0501-W) scored 5.9 because its listing doesn't publish gears, speeds, tube sizes or an air valve; and LEM's 15 lb MightyBite scored 7.8 but is single-speed and, per LEM, can't do snack sticks. If you only make brats and summer sausage, that LEM is still a capable big cylinder. And if you already own a grinder that came with stuffing tubes, read stuffer vs grinder tubes before you spend anything.

In detail

The picks, in full

1
Weston Weston 11 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1101-W)

Best for 3-5 deer

Weston 11 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1101-W)

8.6 /10

Two-speed steel gearing, an 11 lb cylinder and a 13 mm snack-stick tube in the box: the most complete stuffer for a 3-5 deer season.

Capacity fit to season tier
8.5
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
9.5
Air release + removable cylinder
7
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
9.5
Build
8.5
Value
8

What it gets right

  • A 13 mm snack-stick tube is included, so sticks work out of the box
  • Low speed to stuff, high speed to lift the piston for the next load
  • 11 lb per load covers a 25 lb batch in three fills

What it doesn't

  • Weston's listing doesn't mention an air release valve in the piston
  • Warranty terms aren't on the Amazon listing
  • More stuffer than a one-deer season needs

Skip this if…

you only stuff a few pounds of fresh links a year. The 11 lb cylinder and two-speed gearbox are capacity you'll never use; a 5 lb MightyBite covers it.

$277.95View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to Weston 11 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1101-W)

2
LEM LEM BigBite Dual Gear 10 lb Sausage Stuffer (1112)

Best build, 3-5 deer

LEM BigBite Dual Gear 10 lb Sausage Stuffer (1112)

8.5 /10

The most heavily built manual stuffer here on paper: hard carbon steel two-speed gears, a stainless frame and a five-year warranty.

Capacity fit to season tier
8
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
10
Air release + removable cylinder
10
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
6
Build
9.5
Value
6

What it gets right

  • LEM says the all-metal gears deliver the pressure to stuff even small sausages
  • Two speeds: fast piston return, slow controlled stuffing
  • Five-year warranty, the longest published among the stuffers we cover
  • Four stainless tubes and a 90-degree crank handle for leverage

What it doesn't

  • Smallest included tube is 5/8 inch OD, above the 1/2 inch LEM recommends for snack-stick casings
  • Heavy (39.7 lb per LEM) and about 29 inches long on the bench
  • Sits toward the top of manual stuffer pricing; check the live price

Skip this if…

you stuff one deer's worth of sausage a season. A five-year, 40 lb machine is wasted on two or three batches, and a 5 lb metal-gear stuffer does that job.

$549.99$579.995%View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to LEM BigBite Dual Gear 10 lb Sausage Stuffer (1112)

3
Weston Weston 7 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-0701-W)

Best for 1-2 deer

Weston 7 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-0701-W)

8.4 /10

Dual-speed steel gears, a pressure release valve and a 13 mm snack-stick tube in a 7 lb stuffer sized for a light season.

Capacity fit to season tier
7
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
9
Air release + removable cylinder
9
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
9.5
Build
7.5
Value
8.5

What it gets right

  • 13 mm snack-stick tube in the box
  • Dual-speed steel gears at a mid-range size
  • Pressure release valve listed, which the larger Weston listings don't mention

What it doesn't

  • 7 lb means four loads for a 25 lb batch
  • Warranty terms aren't on the Amazon listing
  • Sits on rubber feet; the listing doesn't mention clamps

Skip this if…

your batches run 25 lb and up. Four reloads per batch adds up across a season; the 11 lb Weston does the same job in three.

$252.95View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to Weston 7 lb Dual-Speed Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-0701-W)

4
Weston Weston 15 lb Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1501-W)

Best manual for 6+ deer

Weston 15 lb Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1501-W)

8.3 /10

Weston's two-speed all-metal gearbox with a 15 lb canister, for seasons that stuff in big batches.

Capacity fit to season tier
9.5
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
9.5
Air release + removable cylinder
7
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
6
Build
8.5
Value
7.5

What it gets right

  • 15 lb per load: a 25 lb batch in two fills
  • Two-speed all-metal gearbox
  • Tilting canister for loading

What it doesn't

  • Funnel sizes and an air release valve aren't listed
  • One-year warranty, against two to five years on LEM's stuffers
  • A lot of cylinder for small test batches

Skip this if…

snack sticks are the priority and you need the tube size confirmed before you buy. This listing doesn't give funnel sizes; the 11 lb Weston lists a 13 mm tube.

$327.95View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to Weston 15 lb Vertical Sausage Stuffer (86-1501-W)

5
LEM LEM BigBite 20 lb Motorized Sausage Stuffer (1219)

Best electric

LEM BigBite 20 lb Motorized Sausage Stuffer (1219)

8.2 /10

Both hands on the casing and a foot on the switch: the stuffer for heavy seasons, with a motor LEM rates for 45 minutes at a stretch.

Capacity fit to season tier
9.5
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
7
Air release + removable cylinder
10
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
9
Build
8.5
Value
4

What it gets right

  • Foot switch frees both hands to guide the casing
  • LEM says the speed knob adjusts flow for snack sticks and delicate casings
  • A 1/2 inch tube is included, the size LEM recommends for snack-stick casings
  • Auto-up piston lifts itself when the cylinder empties

What it doesn't

  • LEM lists a 45-minute maximum run time
  • The Amazon title says 0.5 HP; LEM's own spec sheet says 0.05 HP, 33 W. We go by LEM's
  • Heavy (48.75 lb) and 39 inches long, per LEM

Skip this if…

you make sausage once or twice a season. A 10-11 lb two-speed manual stuffer covers that in a fraction of the bench space.

$999.99$1,069.997%View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to LEM BigBite 20 lb Motorized Sausage Stuffer (1219)

6
Hakka Hakka 15-Liter (32 lb) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-15)

One-fill 25 lb batches

Hakka 15-Liter (32 lb) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-15)

8.0 /10

The biggest manual cylinder we cover, for heavy seasons that stuff in 25-pound-plus batches.

Capacity fit to season tier
9
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
7
Air release + removable cylinder
9
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
7
Build
8
Value
8

What it gets right

  • A 25 lb batch fits in a single load
  • Two speeds and a tilt-back cylinder
  • Stainless cylinder, canister, base plate and tubes

What it doesn't

  • Gear material and warranty aren't published
  • Smallest nozzle is 16 mm, big for snack sticks
  • Mostly empty cylinder on a 5 lb test batch

Skip this if…

you process one or two deer. A 32 lb cylinder is mostly air for your batch sizes.

$299.99View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to Hakka 15-Liter (32 lb) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-15)

7
Hakka Hakka 7 lb (3-Liter) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-3)

Best budget two-speed

Hakka 7 lb (3-Liter) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-3)

7.6 /10

Two speeds, an air release valve and stainless contact parts at a budget price. Hakka doesn't publish the gear material.

Capacity fit to season tier
7
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
7
Air release + removable cylinder
9
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
7
Build
8
Value
9

What it gets right

  • Two-speed gearing at a budget price
  • Tiltable stainless cylinder and an air release valve
  • Four stainless nozzles included

What it doesn't

  • Gear material isn't published
  • Smallest nozzle is 16 mm, on the large side for snack sticks
  • Warranty terms aren't on the listing

Skip this if…

you want the gear spec in writing before you crank a season's worth of batches. Weston publishes steel gears on its 7 and 11 lb stuffers.

$129.99View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to Hakka 7 lb (3-Liter) Vertical Sausage Stuffer (SV-3)

8
LEM LEM MightyBite 5 lb Sausage Stuffer (1606)

Best small metal-gear

LEM MightyBite 5 lb Sausage Stuffer (1606)

7.3 /10

The small stuffer to buy if you want metal gears and an air valve without paying for capacity you won't use.

Capacity fit to season tier
6
Gear system (metal gears, 2-speed)
7
Air release + removable cylinder
10
Tube range incl. snack-stick size
6
Build
8
Value
8

What it gets right

  • Metal gears inside a gearbox cover, per LEM
  • Removable cylinder and a piston air valve
  • Clamps in the box
  • The 1606SS version swaps in a 1/2 inch stainless tube for snack sticks

What it doesn't

  • Single speed, so no fast piston return between loads
  • Smallest tube on the plastic-tube 1606 is 11/16 inch, too big for snack-stick casings
  • A reload roughly every five pounds of mix

Skip this if…

you routinely stuff 25 lb batches. That's five reloads a batch, and an 11 lb two-speed stuffer pays you back in time.

$188.00View on Amazon

#ad · Price as of Sep 19, 2026 · Affiliate disclosure for the link to LEM MightyBite 5 lb Sausage Stuffer (1606)

Buyer's guide: matching a stuffer to your season

1-2 deer (light season)

You are stuffing a handful of batches a year, likely fresh links plus one round of summer sausage. A 5-7 lb cylinder is enough. Weston's 7 lb dual-speed is our pick because it adds steel two-speed gears and a 13 mm stick tube to that size; the LEM MightyBite 5 lb and the Hakka 7 lb are the budget routes. Put the money you save into a good thermometer and casings.

3-5 deer (moderate season)

This is where a 5 lb stuffer starts costing you afternoons. A 10-11 lb two-speed with steel gears takes a 25 lb batch in three fills: the Weston 11 lb or the LEM Dual Gear 10 lb. The LEM weighs more and sits higher on price; what you are paying for is the stainless frame and LEM's five-year warranty. Pair either with a 20 lb meat mixer so the mix going into the cylinder is evenly seasoned and cured.

6+ deer or group processing days (heavy season)

Weston's 15 lb takes a 25 lb batch in two fills on the same two-speed all-metal gearbox. LEM's 20 lb motorized stuffer frees both hands and adds a speed knob, but LEM lists a 45-minute maximum run time, so plan your breaks around refills. Hakka's 32 lb cylinder swallows a whole 25 lb batch in one load, with the caveat that Hakka doesn't publish gear material or warranty terms.

What to check before you order

  • Height and clearance. A vertical needs room above the cylinder to tilt and load; Hakka lists its 7 lb vertical at 21.3 inches tall. If that won't fit, a horizontal stuffer (covered in the FAQ below) sits lower.
  • Mounting. Clamps (LEM MightyBite 5 lb), bolt holes without hardware (LEM 1899), or rubber feet (Weston 7 lb). A stuffer that walks across the bench under load is a split casing.
  • Tube base, if you plan to add tubes. Aftermarket tubes are sold by base diameter. LEM lists a 1-9/16 inch base on the tubes for its 5 lb MightyBite. Measure yours.
  • Tube material. Several stuffers ship with plastic tubes; LEM sells stainless versions of its 5 and 15 lb MightyBites (the SS models).
  • Warranty. LEM publishes 1 year on the 1899, 2 years on the MightyBites and the motorized, and 5 years on the Dual Gear. Weston lists 1 year on its 5 and 15 lb. Hakka doesn't state terms on these listings, though its manual says to lubricate the rack and gears and replace the gasket about every six months, depending on use.
  • Meat temperature. Hakka's SH-3 data sheet warns against stuffing hard or frozen meat; the best meat is refrigerated, not frozen. Extension guidance keeps meat at 40°F or below throughout, so aim for cold and pliable.

Where the stuffer sits in the chain

A stuffer is only as good as the grind in front of it. Mississippi State Extension recommends chilling meat to about 32°F before grinding to minimize fat smearing and keeping it cold throughout. If your grinder is the bottleneck, start with our best grinders for deer. For the whole process from trim to links, see how to make venison sausage. Once the links are made, a sealer that keeps up with a full batch is next: best vacuum sealers for wild game.

How we picked

Units we claim to have bench-tested: none

Plenty of sites say they ground two hundred pounds through every grinder. We didn't, and we say so. What we do instead: read the maker's spec sheet, manual and warranty terms, record the figures that decide whether a machine keeps up with your season (size number, motor rating, rated pounds per minute, capacity, duty cycle, gearing), check parts availability, and score each pick on a published rubric. Then we show the season math — pounds per deer from the Ohio Division of Wildlife's yield study — so you can redo it with your own numbers.

Scores are editorial judgments from that documented research, not lab results. Nobody pays for placement. The rubric and weights are on the How We Pick page.

Questions

Frequently asked

What size sausage stuffer do I need?
For 1-2 deer, 5-7 lb. For 3-5 deer, 10-11 lb. For 6 or more, 15 lb or a motorized stuffer. The quick test: divide your usual batch by the cylinder size. If it takes more than three fills, size up. At the Ohio DNR average of 52.19 lb of venison per deer, a 5 lb stuffer needs 11 fills to stuff one deer's worth, an 11 lb needs 5.
Are metal gears worth it on a sausage stuffer?
Yes, if you will stuff small casings or big batches. LEM lists its own nylon-gear 5 lb stuffer as not intended for snack sticks and pitches it at occasional small batches. Even among metal-gear stuffers, LEM says its single-gear 15 lb MightyBite cannot make snack sticks, so look for steel gears plus a low speed.
Is an electric sausage stuffer worth it for home use?
For heavy seasons, yes. LEM's 20 lb motorized stuffer runs off a foot switch with a speed knob and an auto-up piston, so both hands stay on the casing. LEM rates the 0.05 HP motor for a 45-minute maximum run time. For 1-5 deer, a two-speed manual stuffer is the better value.
What does the air release valve on a sausage stuffer do?
It vents air trapped under the piston so it doesn't get pushed into the casing. LEM describes its valve as pushing air out the top instead of into the casing. Less trapped air means fewer pockets in the finished sausage, which shows most in large summer sausage casings.
Vertical or horizontal sausage stuffer?
Vertical for most benches: smaller footprint, and it is the layout of the steel-geared two-speeds we rank highest. Horizontal if a tall stuffer won't fit under your cabinets or you work at a high counter. The full comparison is in vertical vs horizontal.

Keep going down the chain

Receipts

Sources

We haven't bench-tested this gear and we don't pretend to. Specs come from the maker's own pages, manuals and maker-supplied listing copy (labeled as such); food-safety figures from USDA and university extension publications; yield from the Ohio Division of Wildlife; prices live from Amazon. Where a figure isn't published, we say so. Read the full method.